Annual Congress on Endocrinology, Diabetes and Healthcare November 25-26, 2019 Bangkok,Thailand

Diabetic Retinopathy is a complication of diabetes which consists of group of eye problems. People with diabetes have a risk for diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataract. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease caused by diabetes and id the leading cause of blindness. It is caused in retina when change in blood vessels occurs. It can develop in anyone having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The less controlled your blood sugar is and longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to develop diabetic retinopathy.

• • Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Hurtled Cell Thyroid Cancer, Hyperglycemia, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hypoglycemia, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypothyroidism
  • Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary Disorders, Pituitary Tumors, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Prediabetes.
  • Thyroid Cancer, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Nodules, Thyroiditis, Turner Syndrome.

Pediatric endocrinology deals with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations in sexual development, physical growth, diabetes in childhood. It includes patients from infancy to late adolescence and young adulthood. The most common disease of the specialty is type 1 diabetes, which accounts for at least 50% of clinical practice. The next problem is growth disorders, especially those which involve growth hormone treatment. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders.

Diabetes is classified as type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus bases on etiology. The diagnosis is based on the measurement of A1C level, fasting or random blood glucose level, or oral glucose tolerance testing. Diabetes can be diagnosed if the patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg per dL (7.0 mmol per L) or greater on two separate occasions. The diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes includes Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, Random blood sugar test, Fasting blood sugar test, Oral glucose tolerance test.

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes which can progress to kidney failure in some cases. Treatment is aimed to prevent or delay the progression of the disease. Diabetes causes the small blood vessels in the body to get injured. When this injury occurs in kidneys, they cannot clean your blood properly. Body will retain more water and salt than it should, this can result in weight gain and ankle swelling.

Complications associated with diabetes are often acute or chronic. Acute complications, though short-termed, can often present immediate danger and thus needs to be treated at the earliest possible. These short-term complications are mainly characterized by the hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic state of the body in which it is unable to function properly. Acute complications mainly include diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic coma and so on. These complications if promptly treated, usually results in full recovery, however might prove fatal in case of delayed treatment.

Infections, diabetic dermopathy, diabetic blisters, eruptive xanthomatotic, etc. Generally, because of high glucose levels they tend to have dry skin and less ability to ward off harmful bacteria. In both the conditions, risk of infection predominantly increases. Fortunately, majority of the skin conditions can be prevented or easily treated if diagnosed early. Good skin care is essential. However, keeping diabetes well managed is the key to avoiding skin complications.

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• Of the many risk factors of diabetes, genetics play a very strong role in the development of both types of diabetes. Individuals with a family history of diabetes are more likely to develop the condition than those without any diabetes in the family. Some types of diabetes like MODY is can be directly inherited. Studies have shown that Type 2 diabetes has a very strong genetic component and the likelihood of developing it if parents and/or siblings are already having the condition is far more as compared to Type 1 diabetes.

 The hormonal functioning as it indirectly relates to reproduction. Evaluation and treatment of hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility is done. Reproductive endocrinologists have special training in obstetrics and gynecology before they undergo sub-specialty training in Reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

Endocrine cancer is cancer that begins in any of the endocrine glands. The most common type of endocrine cancer is thyroid cancer, which begins in the thyroid gland. Endocrine cancer is a complex disease which is not defined by defined by location or stage. Cancer in each patient is different, behaving differently in the bodies.

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones directly into blood which help in controlling many important body functions. The endocrine system influences heartbeat, growth of bones and tissue, even the ability to make a baby. It plays a role on development of diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders.

Having diabetes greatly enhances the risk of developing a heart disease and having a greater chance of a heart attack or a stroke. High blood pressure or high cholesterol which is often associated with diabetes is the main causative factors of cardiovascular diseases. Apart from these, several other serious vascular complications also arise because of diabetes viz. Angina, Deep vein thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, Peripheral arterial disease, etc.  Identifying symptoms, maintaining a healthy weight, proper diet and medications and cutting down on smoking can help keep these otherwise serious complications under control.

Diabetes is a major lifestyle disease and a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to identify the potential biomarkers associated with diabetes for the early detection of the disease and its proper management. Elevated blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides are some of the common biomarkers of diabetes, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, interleukin-2 receptor A being the other counterparts. Apart from these available and known biomarkers, other potential biomarkers are also being searched and reported by researchers.